Quality control is costly

"Let's make toast the American way, I'll burn, you scrape"

Attributed to Deming

If you read "The machine that changed the world" you will discover that a German luxury car maker had some 25% of its workforce at the end of the production line, repairing things that were not made right the first time. Guess how many people are employed at the end of the Lexus line? Toyota have taken systems thinking further than any other company.